6 Sep 2024

September 2024 – Get Up And Dance To The Music! Part II

by Tony Drew | posted in: History, Introduction, News, Observations, Opinion | 0

Prelude

Hello there plentiful peaceful people. Welcome to autumn 2024, with the sultry summer sunsets fading behind us into hazy reminiscence once again. As the American band Earth, Wind & Fire celebrated in 1978, here we are in, ‘September’. “Hey, hey, hey! Ba‑dee‑ya, say do you remember?” Once it’s gone, it’s gone and all we have left is in the here and now. Make the most of now, I suggest. What we will be in the future is what we do now. As one sage dude put it much better than I can…

“The past is already gone, the future is not yet here. There’s only one moment for you to live, and that is the present moment” – Buddha (Siddhārtha Gautama – c.480‑400BCE)

Furthermore, a message to all the immoral hegemonic oppressors intent on senseless conflict and unnecessary destruction out there, here is another titbit (NB. tidbit in the US – from 17^th Century English ‘tyd bit’) of astute advice from the sagacious spiritual leader.

“Better than a thousand hollow words is one word that brings peace” – Buddha

This month’s article is a little different. Firstly, it is Part II of a longer piece and I didn’t want to leave a long break between the parts. Then, secondly (NB. ‘secondly’ usually comes after ‘firstly’, after all, so the numbering is essentially superfluous) because I want to make some time and space for something else (to be announced in due course). This means that Part II is being published in early September, rather than the usual distribution deadline at the end of the month.

As I mentioned at the conclusion of last month’s article, I felt it was better to split this genre article on dance and dance music into two articles which are easier to digest and, together, form a coherent whole. The first part covered a period from pre‑history to the 1950s. This article picks up directly where the last one left off, from the 1950s onward. To cap the article off, there is a casually speculative look into the future of dance and dance music.

If you want to reprise or access Part I of this article for the first time, you can read it here (opens in a new tab):

August 2024 – Get Up And Dance To The Music!: Part I

Rather than go for a protracted preamble, as is my usual wont, pointlessly reiterating material from Part I, let’s get straight down to business. Time to get your Funk on!

Night Clubbing (courtesy Leif Bergerson)

Modern Dance and Dance Music

By this heading, I mean the underground, mainstream and popular dance music scene in whatever form, from the birth of Rock & Roll to the current day. These seven decades represent the main section of the article.

The rest of this article will concentrate on sixteen modern dance music ‘genres’ in an attempt to encompass the majority of popular styles. The approach I’ve taken is unorthodox and arbitrary but some structure is needed. Each genre could probably deserve an article in itself, so substantial omissions have been necessary to condense the remaining material into Part II. Where subjective generalities and assumptions have been made, they inevitably lead to some factual errors/inaccuracies, as well as omissions. Sorry ‘bout that. So… without further ado, let’s jump in with two left feet and Rock & Roll…

“We should consider every day lost on which we have not danced at least once” – Friedrich Nietzsche (1844‑1900)

Rock & Roll (1954‑1964 – Peak 1958):

Rock & Roll is popular dance music originating in the 1950s, recognisable with its heavy beat and simple melodies. Song structures were usually based around the established twelve‑bar blues format and usually played on guitar, double bass, and drums (and occasionally piano) to produce catchy danceable tunes.

Rock & Roll emerged from a fusion of Jazz, Blues and Country influences in the mid‑1950s. Black Rhythm & Blues (R&B) and white Country music were cited as key components, including a splash of Gospel and Folk for good measure. It is perhaps surprising that the watershed of modern popular music that rock & roll represented arrived so late into the 20^th Century.

Rock & Roll saw the emergence of the previously ‘invisible’ teen culture, which included fashion, music, language and attitudes. The cultural influences of early Rock & Roll songs dealt with youth‑related issues such as cars, school, dating, hairstyles and clothes. For the first time, teens were demanding to be listened to and to be taken seriously, rather than condemned as juvenile delinquents by typically conservative moral guardians.

While the origins of Rock & Roll date back to earlier decades, as far back as the 1920s, and the term ‘rock and roll’ had been used before, it is widely thought that American radio DJ Alan Freed promoted the popularity of African/American R&B music, calling it ‘rock and roll’. This time the name stuck.

Two key songs triggered the Rock & Roll era, ‘That’s All Right’ by Elvis Presley and ‘Rock Around The Clock’ by Bill Haley & His Comets, both recorded in 1954, the latter used in the film, ‘Blackboard Jungle (1955). The rest, as ‘they’ say, is history.

Several other American films portrayed the Rock & Roll zeitgeist including, ‘Concrete Jungle’ and Rock Around the Clock (1956). In addition, the film, ‘American Graffiti’ (1973) encapsulated the coming‑of‑age scene, set in 1962. Other films set about demonstrating the insubordinate side of youth culture during the 1950s including, ‘The Wild One’ (1951) and ‘Rebel Without a Cause’ (1955). All reflecting and, in turn, contributing to societal change.

On 3 February 1959, Buddy Holly, Ritchie Valens and The Big Bopper were killed in a plane crash near Clear Lake, Iowa. The tragic event was nicknamed ‘The Day the Music Died’. After that seismic shock, Rock & Roll declined and other genres emerged such as Surf, Soul, Pop, Folk Revival, Garage Rock and Psychedelic Rock.

Dance styles inherited by Rock & Roll included east coast swing, west coast swing, the jive and the jitterbug. ‘New’ dances that came with Rock & Roll included the twist and the hand jive.

Rockabilly was a sub‑genre used to describe predominantly white singers adopting black vocal styles with lighter, often acoustic instrumentation including Jerry Lee Lewis, Carl Perkins, Bill Haley, Elvis Presley and Buddy Holly.

Related genres: Jazz, Blues, Country, Folk, Gospel, Rhythm & Blues, Pop, Doo Wop, Surf, Skiffle, Rockabilly, Soul, Folk Revival, Garage Rock, Psychedelic Rock

Artist examples: Bill Haley and His Comets, Elvis Presley, Chubby Checker, Carl Perkins, Jerry Lee Lewis, Little Richard, Chuck Berry, Fats Domino, Duane Eddy, Eddie Cochran, Ricky Nelson. Gene Vincent & His Bluecaps, Jackie Wilson, Pat Boone, Big Bopper, The Everly Brothers, Dion, Bobby Vee, Richie Valens, Del Shannon, The Platters, Lonnie Donegan, Buddy Holly, Cliff Richard, Connie Francis, The Coasters, Marty Wilde, Neil Sedaka, Billy Fury, Bert Weedon, Bobby Darin, Roy Orbison, The Ventures, Brian Hyland, Sam Cooke, The Shadows, The Drifters, Booker T & The MG’s, Gene Pitney, The Swinging Blue Jeans, the Chiffons, The Beach Boys, Tommy Steele

Soul (1960‑1982 – Peak 1968)

Soul is a music genre that originated in the African/American communities across the USA in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Its earliest roots lie in traditions associated with enslaved people working in the cotton fields. Soul’s formative influences lay in Gospel, Jazz and Rhythm & Blues and became popular as a form of lively dance music. Soul made good use of prominent horn and rhythm sections, accompanied by powerfully emotional vocal delivery. During the Civil Rights Movement era, predominantly black Soul artists were sought after and promoted by famous record labels such as Motown (Detroit), Stax (Memphis) and Atlantic (New York). Segregation issues firmly connected music with radical societal change. Soul therefore reflects and promotes the importance of African/American culture in the US at the time. Many Soul songs were about love and relationships while others focused on political black consciousness.

The Stax record label (‘Soulsville USA’) led the way in promoting multi‑racial music at a time of tension, protest and segregation. The Motown record label came to define the sub‑genre of Pop Soul. Soul dominated the US R&B singles chart in the 1960s, with many singles crossing over into American and British Pop charts. Song writers and producers such as Holland‑Dozier‑Holland made the ‘three minute’ Pop song such a positive and commercially successful phenomenon. Atlantic Records promoted and popularised Soul, signing up legendary artists like Aretha Franklin and Ray Charles.

As Soul began to decline by the end of the 1960s, it was superseded by Psychedelic Soul and Progressive Soul, then by Funk and, later on, by Disco. Soul, though, didn’t disappear, it diversified into regional variants of Soul that adapted to local geographical tastes, including Memphis Soul, New Orleans Soul, Chicago Soul and Philadelphia Soul, the latter becoming known as the ‘Philly Sound’.

A key performance platform for Soul artists was the American TV programme, ‘Soul Train’, which promoted many popular African/American Soul, Funk and Disco dance music acts. Soul Train aired for 35 years from 1971 to 2006 with an impressive total of 903 episodes. In 1985, there was a short‑lived UK version, also called Soul Train. Producers, artists and audiences alike made dancing an important part of the programme.

Dance styles associated with 1960s Soul include the Harlem shuffle, the boogaloo (NB. the dance, not the extremist political movement) and the perennial west coast swing.

During the 1970s, slick production and commercially‑oriented Pop saw so‑called Blue‑Eyed Soul (i.e. white) artists come to the fore in both the US and the UK. Another popular and enduring working class Soul trend from the UK is Northern Soul, along with the dance that went with it, stomping.

Contemporary R&B tended to take on the mantle of many Soul artists in the 1980s and thereafter. Soul saw another major rejuvenation in the 1990s with a sub‑genre called Neo‑Soul, which fused retro traditional Soul and Contemporary R&B with Hip‑Hop, making use of modern digital studio production techniques.

Related genres: Gospel, Motown, Rhythm & Blues, Jazz, Big Band, Contemporary R&B, Neo‑Soul, Hip‑Hop, Pop, Psychedelic Soul, Progressive Soul, Funk, Disco, Deep Soul, Southern Soul, Blue‑Eyed Soul, Pop Soul, Samba Soul, Memphis Soul, New Orleans Soul, Chicago Soul, Philadelphia Soul

Artist examples: Sly & the Family Stone, James Brown, Aretha Franklin, Ike & Tina Turner, Whitney Houston, Joe Tex, Three Degrees, The Jacksons, Otis Redding, Michael Jackson, Barry White, Stevie Wonder, Marvin Gaye, Gladys Knight, Ray Charles, Diana Ross & The Supremes, Al Green, Hot Chocolate, Quincy Jones, Teddy Pendergrass, Isaac Hayes, Same & Dave, Lou Rawls, Gil Scott‑Heron, Smokey Robinson, Luther Vandross, Edwin Starr, Amii Stewart, Jimmy Ruffin, Lou Rawls, Curtis Mayfield, Labelle, The O’Jays, Martha Reeves & the Vandellas, Four Tops, The Temptations, Billy Preston, The Chi‑Lites, Sade, Thelma Houston, Ben E. King, Wilson Pickett, Ann Peebles, War, Hall & Oates

Funk (1968‑1988 – Peak 1976)

Funk is a dance music genre that originated in African/American communities in the mid‑late 1960s. Funk developed from Soul as well as Black R&B and Jazz influences. Musically, Funk refers to a style of aggressive urban dance music that rose to popularity, coinciding with the splintering of Soul.

The main focus of Funk musicians was to create a rhythmic, danceable musical style. The traditional elements of song writing, lyrical melody and standard chord progressions were replaced by a strong rhythmic groove provided by bass and percussion, giving tracks a hypnotic, danceable ‘feel’. Funk embraced many jazz traditions including the use of extended guitar chords, brass sections and intricate, syncopated drum patterns.

Funk, especially when performed live, makes extensive use of collective improvisation by jamming and ‘getting down with the groove’ based on strong basslines and groovy ‘chicken scratch’ guitar riffs. Funk created an insistent, locked‑in hook, on which dance moves were easily co‑ordinated. Rhythm was king. Percussion, often influenced by Afro‑Cuban styles plays a big part in creating and embellishing the groove, with an emphasis on the first beat of the bar (‘The One’), developed by James Brown (the ‘Godfather of Soul’) with his band The Famous Flames.

While Sly Stone introduced a psychedelic element to Funk, George Clinton and his bands Parliament and Funkadelic defined a whole sub‑genre called P‑Funk, which relied on psychedelic and whimsical elements with elaborate stage shows featuring extravagant otherworldly themes.

In the 1980s, Funk diversified and, like other forms of dance music, was heavily influenced by the use of analogue synthesizers, resulting in a sub‑genre known as Synth Funk. In the 1980s, the sexually expressive aspects of Funk were popularised by the likes of Rick James and Prince, attracting some notoriety. Funk heavily influenced Hip‑Hop, which often sampled Funk songs of the 1970s.

Dances associated with Funk include the robot, the funky chicken, tutting, popping & locking, the camel walk, the mashed potato and the good foot.

Pioneering instrumental records rooted in New Orleans R&B helped define the Deep Funk sub‑genre. Ghetto Funk is a modern take on the original Funk era of the late 1970s and early 1980s. Ghetto Funk fuses the rhythms of classic Funk with modern electronic beats and digital studio production. Like its ancestor, Ghetto Funk is about getting down and groovy, featuring funky basslines, soulful samples and an up‑beat, up‑tempo vibe. Ghetto funk artists combine retro funk samples with modern electronic beats, creating something that is both nostalgic while being fresh and contemporary. Funk remains a popular dance genre today.

Related genres: Soul, Psychedelic Soul, Afro Funk, Jazz Funk, P‑Funk, Synth Funk, Disco, Pop, Dance Pop, Rock, Metal, Acid Jazz, Ghetto Funk, Nu Funk, Funk Rock, Funktronica, Avant‑Funk, Funk Metal, Hip‑Hop, G‑Funk, New Orleans R&B, Deep Funk

Artist examples: Funkadelic, Parliament, George Clinton, Bootsy Collins, Rick James, Prince, Average White Band, Brand New Heavies, The Brothers Johnson, Cameo, Commodores, Curtis Mayfield, Miles Davis, Fat Larry’s Band, The Gap Band, Isaac Hayes, The Isley Brothers, The Meters, Tina Turner, Tower of Power, Mtume, Shakatak, Vulfpeck, War, Jamiroquai, Grace Jones, S.O.S. Band, Aaron Neville, Roy Ayres, Herbie Hancock, Fatback Band, Kool & The Gang, Earth Wind & Fire, Bruno Mars, Ohio Players

Disco (1975‑1989 – Peak 1979)

Disco is a dance music genre that emerged in inner‑city America in the late 1960s and the thriving, vibrant urban nightlife scene of New York City, particularly the borough of Brooklyn. Simultaneously, Disco was also flourished in Philadelphia. Disco’s sound is simpler than Funk, typified by four‑on‑the‑floor 4/4 time signatures providing a strong beat, syncopated basslines, lush string and horn sections, analogue synthesizers, and staccato rhythm guitars.

Disco is an abbreviation of Discothèque (NB. a French word meaning, ‘library of phonograph records’), which were the nightclub venues playing this new form of dance music. One such nightclub on Broadway in midtown Manhattan, NYC became (in)famous for its celebrity Disco scene, Studio 54, which opened in 1977 in a former theatre and opera house dating back to 1927.

Discothèques weren’t a new thing by the 1970s. The first discothèques mostly played swing music in the 1940s. In 1953 the ‘Whisky à Go‑Go’ in Paris, France incorporated a dance floor with coloured lights and two turntables so records could be played continuously without having a gap in the music. It wouldn’t be until the early 1970s that the modern Disco scene emerged from the underground to widespread mainstream success between 1974 and 1977.

Disco nightclubs used powerful, bass‑heavy, sound systems, which became a key component in the Disco club experience, as were disc jockeys (DJs) that seamlessly mixed the music for eager audiences. Fashion included sequined dresses for girls and bell‑bottom flares for boys. The iconic and ubiquitous mirror ball (or ‘disco ball’) is forever entwined with the Disco scene, usually mounted on the ceilings of Disco venues. NB. Mirror balls were not a new thing to 1970s’ discos; they were patented in 1917 and were widely used in nightclubs during the 1920s.

Disco (courtesy Edoardo Tommasini)

The Disco subculture of the 1970s experienced a significant drug problem, particularly ‘party’ drugs like cocaine (blow) amyl nitrite (poppers), amphetamines (speed) and Quaaludes (a hypnotic sedative known as ‘disco biscuits’).

Disco was seen as a reaction to, and a rejection of, west coast hippie counterculture and the prominence of blue collar American Rock music. It was also seen by some as a symbol of liberal permissive gay culture and a hotbed of recreational substance misuse.

The film, ‘Saturday Night Fever’ (1977) cemented Disco music, fashion and subculture into the public consciousness. This classic was supplemented by other major films, including ‘Car Wash’ (1976), ‘Xanadu’ (1980), ‘Can’t Stop the Music’ (1980) and ‘Flashdance’ (1983).

One of the key innovations of Disco was the pioneering use of the Disco remix and the 12″ single. These enabled DJs to experiment and create new tracks (or versions thereof) for nightclub use. Another innovation was the ‘white label’ record, which were records produced in very small numbers to test crowd response in dance clubs. The plain white label was used so that DJs would have no pre‑conceived ideas about the music or the artist name. White label recordings have since become highly popular with House and Hip‑Hop DJs. In the early 1990s, Techno and House artists created tracks pressed on 12″ white labels, which proved easy to sell at dance music record stores. Further innovations included the use of electronic drum machines and sequenced synthesizers.

Several dance styles became strongly associated with Disco, including the bump, the hustle, the Watergate, the disco dance, the YMCA, the snap and the bus stop. Disco also adopted the funky chicken from Soul.

Disco may have many similarities with Funk by focusing on the rhythm and beat to provide a strong basis for danceable music. However, when looking beneath the surface, they are very different animals. Funk relies on syncopation, improvisation and intricate rhythms. Disco is more straightforward but with the same aim – to get people onto the dance floor. Maybe Disco might not have emerged without Funk to provide the groovy foundation for dance music.

Euro Disco is a sub‑genre that emerged on the European continent following ABBA’s success at the Eurovision Song Contest in 1974. This fostered other sub‑genres such as Euro Pop and Eurodance.

One very strange and unique offspring of disco music was the roller disco, with ‘dancers’ wearing roller skates (quad or inline) and appropriate fashion styles, circulating a dance floor or ice skating rink to popular disco music. The peak of the short-lived roller disco craze was in the late 1970s. While the fad faded dramatically during the 1980s, roller disco perpetuates with occasional revivals and still has a small but fanatical following.

Disco declined as a major trend in popular music in the US following the infamous Disco Demolition Night held on 12 July 1979. Disco Demolition Night was a Major League Baseball (MLB) event held at Comiskey Park in Chicago, Illinois. At the climax of the event, sandwiched between a double‑header of matches between the Chicago White Sox and the Detroit Tigers MLB teams, a crate filled with disco records was blown up on the field. The event attended by around 50,000 people ended in a pitch invasion and a riot. Disco Demolition Night was a backlash from rock music fans and anti‑gay culture factions, led by Chicago ‘shock jock’ and anti‑disco campaigner Steve Dahl. The explosive highlight was accompanied by macho bigoted chants of ‘Disco Sucks’ and ‘Death to Disco’. In the aftermath of Disco Demolition Night, the popularity of Disco declined significantly in late 1979 and 1980, with record labels, stores and DJs preferring to use the generic label ‘dance music’. Disco’s demise and legacy led directly to the evolution of new forms of nightclub dance music such as House and Techno.

In an attempt to ditch Disco’s camp, cheesy image and to revive and rejuvenate its fortunes, Nu‑Disco emerged in the UK during the 1990s. Nu‑Disco is a modern take on 1970s and 1980s Disco, characterised by funky basslines, groovy rhythms, and slick digital studio production. Like its predecessor, Nu‑Disco is a genre that is intended to get people back on the dancefloor and bopping to a new generation of beats. During the 2020s, a modernised Disco sound has given a new generation of dance artists and fans a contemporary update on a classic dance genre, firmly rooted in modern club culture.

Disco still has a massive following and has seen several revivals over time during the 1990s, 2000s, 2010s and 2020s. It has also heavily influenced many dance music genres since the 1970s. It seems that Disco doesn’t suck and certainly isn’t dead.

Related genres: Soul, Funk, Pop Soul, Euro Disco, Eurodance, Post‑Disco, Nu‑Disco, House, Deep House, Techno, Post‑Punk, Rave, EDM, Boogie, Italo‑Disco, Hi‑NRG

Artist examples: The Bee Gees, Chic, The Jackson 5, The Trammps, Tavares, Heatwave, Imagination, Earth Wind & Fire, Kool & The Gang, Donna Summer, Gloria Gaynor, The Village People, Boney M, KC & The Sunshine Band, The Real Thing, Teena Marie, Tina Charles, Shalamar, Carl Douglas, Leif Garrett, Evelyn ‘Champagne’ King, Love Unlimited, Odyssey, Ottawan, The Real Thing, Rose Royce, Sister Sledge, Sylvester, Chaka Kahn, The Gap Band, Patrice Rushen, Indeep, Yvonne Elliman, Candi Staton, Lipps Inc, Anita Ward, Billy Ocean, George McRae, The Hues Corporation, Giorgio Moroder, Jesse Ware, Dua Lipa, Alcazar, George McCrae, Baccara, Frantique, The Crusaders

Pop (1959‑1991 – Peak 1967)

Pop in its widest sense is a broad umbrella term for anything and everything in popular music. Not all popular music is Pop. Pop, though, is popular music. Go figure. However, defining Pop as a genre is not straightforward. Even sources suggest that its meaning is different depending on time and place, although there is consensus that Pop as a commodity appeals to the broadest audience base. Pop had been around since the advent of radio and TV, covering many morphing genres and styles in the process. Pop was reinvented in the 1960s off the success of Rock & Roll and Soul. Some (erroneously) suggest that Pop and Rock from the 1960s as interchangeable.

Pop focuses on catchiness, melody, rhythm, lyrics, and hooks and is regarded as readily available and largely ephemeral (i.e. disposable). Many Pop records were good for dancing and many dance records were good for Pop. Win‑Win. Make no bones about it, Pop was and still is Big Business. Capitalist commercial interests drive Pop music, enabling mass production, marketing, distribution and accessibility. Measures of success were market sales and chart position. Key Pop song writers and producers in the UK included Stock Aitken & Waterman (SAW, a.k.a. The Hit Factory).

Standardised commercial Pop songs tended to be short, around the three‑minute mark, based around the traditional intro-verse-chorus-verse-chorus-break-chorus-outro structure. Numerous Pop songs were written by professional writers and played by studio session musicians, rather than the artists that fronted them. Manufactured boy bands and girl groups were typical creations of the Pop industry.

As Rock emerged from the mid‑1960s, Pop didn’t go away, being ever present on radio and TV, featuring playlists that cycled hit singles to sustain popular (and commercial) interest. By the late 1970s, the origin of Disco would push the boundaries of Pop and took dance music in a different direction. It wasn’t until the 1980s that Pop would come to the forefront of dance music again.

One of the key milestone sub‑genres of electronic dance music was Electro. Electro makes much use of drum machines such as the Roland TR‑808 and analogue synthesizers. Electro was, perhaps the most influential genre development in Pop music in the 1980s. Following the implosion of Punk c.1980 and the growth of New Wave, New Romantic and Post‑Punk music, Synth Pop rapidly became dominant, eagerly announcing ‘death of guitar music’. Electro made full use of music technology and music videos took the MTV crowd by storm.

Another key sub‑genre of Pop is Synth Pop. It was a style of Pop that emerged in the 1980s, features catchy melodies, electronic instrumentation, and a strong Pop sensibility. Synth Pop combines the warmth of analogue synthesizers with infectious, memorable hooks. Synth‑Pop artists mix electronic beats with melodic lyrics, creating tracks that are both danceable, listenable and unforgettable.

Synth Pop would be reinvented for the 21^st Century with the retro‑inspired Synthwave sub‑genre that pays nostalgic homage to the retro music of the 1980s. It is characterised by analogue synths, ‘ear worm’ melodies and a forward looking yet vintage vibe.

Popular music dances include the Macarena (thanks Los Del Rio!), The hokey pokey (hokey cokey in the UK – thanks Larry LaPrise!), the cha‑cha slide, the locomotion, the tootsee roll, the time warp (from ‘The Rocky Horror Picture Show’ film) and the peppermint twist.

Related genres: New Wave, New Romantic, Post‑Punk, Dance Pop, Europop, Eurodance, Synth Pop, Synthwave, J‑Pop, K‑Pop, Krautrock, Future Bass, Electro, Teen Pop

Artist examples: The Beatles, Abba, Pet Shop Boys, Kylie Minogue, Bananarama, Beats International, Mel & Kim, Daft Punk, Deee‑Lite, Jennifer Lopez, Lady Gaga, The Pussycat Dolls, Michael Jackson, Janet Jackson, Grace Jones, Madonna, Christina Aguilera, Rihanna, Beyoncé, Gloria Estefan, Billy Ocean, Hot Chocolate, Heaven 17, Thompson Twins, Erasure, Eurythmics, Boney M, 2 Unlimited, Ace of Base, Robyn, Black Box, Aqua, Roxette, Technotronic, Whigfield, Vengaboys, Dead or Alive, Paul Hardcastle, Scissor Sisters, Basshunter, Shakira, The S.O.S. Band, Billie Eilish, Charli XCX, Bomb the Bass, N‑Sync, Backstreet Boys, Destiny’s Child, Spice Girls, Boyz II Men, Jessie Ware, Dua Lipa, Drake, Ariana Grande, Olivia Rodrigo, BTS, Pitbull, early Depeche Mode, Kraftwerk, Gary Numan, Boyzone, Take That, Taylor Swift, Adele, Ed Sheeran, Katy Perry, Miley Cyrus, Justin Bieber, Lorde, Prince, Pink

Club Music (1975‑today – Peaks, 1995 & 2024)

Club Music, perhaps, represents the quintessential modern dance music and deservedly so. It is the place where innovation in dance music has been most prominent and prolific in recent times. The cultural significance of ‘clubbing’ is truly massive. The vibrant cornerstone of dance music culture has been massively popular for decades now. While Club Music as an ‘umbrella’ term that covers much of the same ground as EDM (see below), there is a great deal of convergence and overlap, such that the boundaries are blurred almost to non‑existence at times.

Nightclub (courtesy Yiming Tang)

While it might seem strange that major dance music genres like House, Techno and Trance don’t feature as headings in their own right, they have been grouped together here because these genres drove the nightclub scene for several decades. Can you imagine a great underground or glitzy nightclub without these three genres being a crucial element of the music? Can you imagine what it would be like to have these three genres being successful without the existence of groovy nightclubs? The answer (at least to the author, who spent a great deal of time seeking out cool nightclubs in the UK and Ibiza from the 1980s to the 2000s) is that there is a vital co‑dependency between nightclubs and club dance music.

Some specific dance styles arose in the nightclub scene, including the Vogue, which also hit TV screens via MTV playlists. While there are some dances associated with genres from this point on, a great deal of modern social dance from the 1980s onwards may best be described as ‘freestyle’ or ‘freeform’, i.e. doing whatever one feels like to the music being played in the moment. No rules, no boundaries, no limits, just get down on the dancefloor and move to the groove.

House music is a highly influential dance music genre deeply rooted in Chicago during the early 1980s. House evolved from Disco and is based on electronic beats with infectious rhythms, strong basslines and soulful melodies, set to an insistent ‘four‑on‑the‑floor’ 4/4 time signature and a beat of around 115‑135BPM with a common standard of 128BPM.

Born from underground clubs, the name is thought to come from ‘The Warehouse’ nightclub in Chicago where DJ Frankie Knuckles (‘The Godfather of House’) performed DJ sets. House incorporates elements from Pop, Disco, Funk, and Soul and hit the mainstream around 1986.

While many dance moves were inherited from Disco, notable dances associated with House music include jacking, footwork, house stepping and lofting.

Key sub‑genres of House include Deep House and Progressive House, both intended to take the listener on a musical journey. Deep House is a key sub‑genre of House characterised by its chilled, soulful vibes, often featuring warm basslines, jazzy chords and soothing vocals that encourage listeners to groove and relax. Progressive House is known for its melodic and gradual build‑ups and euphoric drops.

Tech House is a logical amalgam of, erm… Techno and House from the late 1980s onwards. Tech House bridges the gap between the active dancefloor and passive listening. Other notable fusion sub‑genres of House include Ambient House and Electro‑House

In the late 1980s, House heavily influenced the formation of Balearic Beat that became SO popular in Ibiza Island dance clubs, super clubs, lounge bars and the underground Rave scene in the UK.

Bass House influenced the emergence of Dubstep and inspired the wave of Electropop artists in the 2000s, as well as many other forms of EDM in the 2010s and 2020s.

Techno is a genre of electronic dance music that emerged in Detroit in the late 1980s influenced by rising interest in House and Electro. Techno is characterised by repetitive (some say relentless) beats and hypnotic futuristic vibes that range from deep and atmospheric, through challengingly complex to fast and pounding. Typical Techno tempos are c.120‑160BPM. Unlike House, Techno has a more mechanical and ‘cold’ sound, embracing synthetic sound design and a robotic rhythmic style. Techno is an experience, designed to make you lose yourself on the dance floor. Techno soon spread from the USA to the nightclubs of the UK and Europe.

Dances associated with Techno have an international feel including, hakken, jumpstyle, Melbourne shuffle, vogue and tektonik.

A sub‑genre of Techno is Minimal Techno, known for its stripped‑down, repetitive rhythms and emphasis on mood changes. Minimal Techno is all about, erm… minimalism and creating an enthralling dancefloor atmosphere through simplicity and groove.

When it comes to post‑club parties, Ambient Techno was the ideal comedown, fusing the hypnotic quality of Techno and the more soothing Ambient music. At the other end of the spectrum, up‑beat Techno went on to influence Rave and Future Rave.

Trance music developed in Berlin, Germany in the early 1990s and became particularly popular in the UK, Belgium and the Netherlands. Trance is known for its uplifting melodies, ethereal breakdowns and energetic beats. Trance – as the name suggests – is intended to transport listeners to euphoric, hypnotic and transcendent states, making Trance a favourite at festivals and underground raves before hitting the mainstream. Trance endured into the 2000s with the proliferation of sub‑genres, thereby diluting the original. During the 2010s, Trance declined significantly with the dominance of EDM.

Trance made heavy use of the Roland TR‑909 drum machine (introduced in 1983 as a successor to the TR‑808) and analogue synthesizers. Tempo was relatively fast, around 130‑160BPM. Trance was heavily influenced by House and Techno before it became ‘a thing’ on its own.

The genre (Trance) and the venue (raves) are often linked to the widespread use of the drug MDMA, better known as ecstasy (tablet) or molly (crystals), a psychoactive empathogen which reinforces the hypnotic effect of Trance music and creates a (false) state of rapture and emotional social communion. Psychedelic forms of Trance became hugely popular in dance club destinations such as Ibiza (Ibiza Trance) and Goa in India (Goa Trance).

Dance moves associated with Trance include the trance stomp, the galactic glide, the melodic spiral and the echoing echoes. All sound suitably psychedelic.

Trance varied in sub‑genre, with Dream Trance, Uplifting Trance and Euro Trance, while more extreme sub‑genres of Trance include Tech Trance and Hardstyle.

Another staple of Club Music is Garage, a sub‑genre that originated in Britain in the form of UK Garage, influenced by Contemporary R&B and Hip‑Hop. Garage is characterised by its 2‑step beats, soulful vocals, and smooth, danceable rhythms and Garage House became popular in clubs. In turn, Future Garage and UK Bass took the form into the 2000s. UK Garage also became influential in the development of Dubstep and Grime.

The Juke (a.k.a. Chicago Juke or Footwork) sub‑genre arose in Chicago in the late 1990s is associated with dance battles and showcases dancers’ impressive footwork (duh!) skills. The tempo of Juke is fast, at c.160BPM.

Club DJ (courtesy Gaby Tenda)

At the height of the dance boom, music was heavily promoted by club and radio DJs who made themselves household names, including (amongst SO many others) Pete Tong, Calvin Harris, Carl Cox, Danny Rampling, David Guetta, David Morales, John Digweed, Eric Prydz, Erick Morillo, Fatboy Slim, Ferry Corsten, Frankie Knuckles, Judge Jules, Paul Oakenfold, Paul van Dyk, Roger Sanchez, Richie Hawtin, Sasha, Sven Väth, Tiësto, Tony De Vit and Robert Miles. Without the turntable skills of experienced club DJs, dance music would not have had the success it has had over several decades. Several top DJs also dipped their toes in music writing and recording.

The popularity of club music decreased significantly from the mid‑2000s with a lack of innovation and a malaise of interest from audiences. This sense of ennui led to the rise of EDM as a saviour of club dance music from the 2010s onwards.

Related genres: Pop, Disco, Funk, Electro Disco, Electro, Electroclash, Electro Swing, Electro Pop, House, Techno, Trance, EDM, Rave, Deep House, Ambient House, Electro‑House, Balearic Beat, Acid House, Euro House, Micro House, Hardstyle, Progressive House, Progressive Electronic, Industrial Techno, Bleep Techno, Acid Techno, Ambient Techno, Dub Techno, Progressive Trance, Tropical House, Ghetto House, Footwork, Juke, Tech House, Bass House, Hard House, Slap House, Minimal Techno, Ibiza Trance, Goa Trance, Dream Trance, Uplifting Trance, Euro Trance, Tech Trance, Garage, Contemporary R&B, Hip‑Hop, Grime, Dubstep

Artist examples: Soul II Soul, Frankie Knuckles, Madonna, Faithless, Inner City, Robin S, Bob Sinclar, Sasha, Jeff Mills, Goldfrapp, Sunscreem, C+C Music Factory/Clivilles & Cole, Tiësto, Reel To Real, Sash!, Carl Cox, Paul Oakenfold, Todd Terry, UNKLE, Felix Da Housecat, X‑Press 2, Eric Prydz, Deep Dish, Basement Jaxx, Roger Sanchez, Artful Dodger, Gorgon City, Deadmau5, Camelphat, David Guetta, Calvin Harris, M People, K‑klass, Moby, Ian Van Dahl, David Morales, Ultra Nate, Kosheen, Fatboy Slim, Snap!, Apollo 440, Coldcut, Audio Bullys, Bodyrockers, Seb Fontaine, Technotronic, Katy B, Jeff Mills, Charlotte de Witt, Craig David, Artful Dodger, MJ Cole, Underworld, Louie Vega

Dancehall (1979‑1999 & 2010‑2020 – Peaks 1983 & 2013)

Dancehall is Jamaican music that evolved from Reggae and Deejay in the late 1970s and early 1980s. While Reggae‑derived dance music may seem out of place here, don’t rule out the influential Jamaican vibe so summarily.

Dancehall was stripped down Reggae with a focus on Deejay (rapped) vocals over pre‑recorded electronic rhythm tracks, rather than live backing musicians. Another difference from the political and Rastafarian themes of Roots Reggae is that Dancehall used sexually explicit lyrics (‘slackness’), misogyny and violent themes attracting negative criticism and notoriety. Dancehall has a wide variety of tempos; most sitting around 80‑120BPM with a DJ standard around 102BPM.

Dancehall changed radically in the mid‑1980s when producers increasingly employed new digital studio techniques, a sub‑genre known as Digital Dancehall emerged. Long before Hip‑Hop made the practice commonplace, Dancehall regularly sampled earlier genre tracks. In the early 1990s, Dancehall developed a more aggressive and less melodic style called Ragga. The style and content of Jamaican Dancehall and Ragga heavily influenced early American Rap, Hip‑Hop and Contemporary R&B, as well as Dubstep.

Dances associated with Dancehall include, the skank (a traditional reggae move), the bogle, the butterfly, willie bounce (?!) and the gully creepa.

Another sub‑genre of Reggae and Dancehall is Reggaeton, a genre that originated in Puerto Rico in the 1990s. Reggaeton fuses reggae and Latin rhythms with Hip‑Hop and electronica. Reggaeton is characterised by its infectious beats, catchy hooks and often explicit lyrics.

Related genres: Ska, Rocksteady, Reggae, Roots, Deejay, Ragga, Digital Dancehall, Nu Reggae, Soca, Rap, Hip‑Hop, Dubstep, Reggaeton, Contemporary R&B, Dub

Artist examples: Sizzla, Buju Banton, Sean Paul, Bounty Killer, Ini Kamoze, Barrington Levy, Cllint Eastwood, Ranking Joe, Tapper Zukie, Dillinger, Trinity, The Lone Ranger, Shabba Ranks, Eek‑A‑Mouse, Yellowman, Shaggy, General Levy, King Jammy, Ninjaman, Frankie Paul, Bobby Digital, General Saint, Cocoa Tea, Chaka Demus

Hip‑Hop (1979‑today – Peaks 1993, 1999 & 2022)

Hip‑Hop (with or without the hyphen) as a subculture and art movement has its roots in in block parties of African/American communities of New York City, particularly The Bronx c.1973. Originally, it was known as Rap and then Disco Rap, but the broader term Hip‑Hop has become the de facto title for the genre. Hip‑Hop is known for its bare bones rhythmic beat patterns and poetic spoken vocal delivery rather than strong melodies and sung vocals. Most Hip‑Hop tempos vary around the 80‑115BPM mark.

Much of Hip‑Hop’s roots can be traced back to Jamaican Reggae and its Deejay, Dancehall and Ragga sub‑genres. Hip‑Hop also adopted Soul, Disco and Funk samples to enhance the genre’s appeal in predominantly black urban communities. Hip‑Hop subculture revolved around a number of key characteristics; MCing/rapping, DJing/turntable scratching, breakdancing and graffiti/street art. Other characteristics emerged such as Beatboxing and Instrumental Hip‑Hop (minus rapping).

Hip‑Hop expanded rapidly during the 1980s migrating from New York and Boston across the continent breaking through into commercial success in the process. Once Hip‑Hop reached the West Coast of the US, particularly Los Angeles, the gang‑related, anti‑authority and violent themes of Gangsta Rap quickly gained popularity c.1988 and became seen as a reaction to, and rejection of, the east coast’s Hardcore Hip‑Hop. Despite Gangsta Rap’s reputation of glorifying guns, violence, sexual exploitation and drug‑use, it continued to gain popularity in the harsh life experiences of deprived black urban communities. Several high profile murders of Hip Hop artists plagued the 1990s, including Tupac Shakur and The Notorious B.I.G. (a.k.a. Biggie Smalls).

A sub‑genre of Gansta Rap, G‑Funk emerged in the 1990s and adopted a less aggressive, less confrontational posture. G‑Funk spread across the mid‑west and southern states, increasing Hip‑Hop’s popularity with both black and white audiences. Hip‑Hop continued to diversify into Crunk, Snap and Trap, becoming less political and more nihilistic in the process. Going full circle, there was a re‑emergence of New York Hip‑Hop around 1994. Hip‑Hop became mainstream and in‑turn influenced the genres that had influenced it, including commercial Pop. Hip‑Hop has expanded to include Urban (a.k.a. Urban Contemporary Music), Contemporary R&B and Instrumental Hip‑Hop.

The key street dance style associated with early rap and Hip‑Hop was breakdancing. Breakdancing has grown significantly in popularity from its roots as an American street art performance to being an international sport at the Olympic Games. Called just ‘breaking’, the dance/sport made its debut at Paris 2024.

Breakdancing (courtesy of Beatriz Braga)

In addition to breaking, other dances associated with Rap and Hip‑Hop include popping & locking, krumping, jerkin’ and tutting.

Related genres: Reggae, Deejay, Dancehall, Urban, Gangsta Rap, Experimental Hip‑Hop, Instrumental Hip‑Hop, Trip Hop, Hardcore Hip‑Hop, G‑Funk, Nu Metal, Crunk, Snap, Trap, Drill, Techno, House, Deep House, Trance, Electro Disco, Progressive Electronic, UK Garage, Glitch Hop, Rap, Disco Rap, Pop Rap, Beatboxing, Southern Hip‑Hop

Artist examples: Grandmaster Flash & The Furious Five, The Sugarhill Gang, The Beastie Boys, Run‑DMC, Dr Dre, Usher, Eminem, LL Cool J, 2Pac (Tupac Shakur), Nelly, Fun Lovin’ Criminals, Beyoncé, House of Pain, Coolio, A Tribe Called Quest, Kelis, Neneh Cherry, Cypress Hill, D12, Busta Rhymes, Tone Loc, Bubba Sparxxx, The Black Eyed Peas, N.W.A., Snoop Dogg, The Notorious B.I.G. (Biggie Smalls), Will Smith, DJ Jazzy Jeff & the Fresh Prince, Naughty by Nature, Public Enemy, Ice Cube, Ice‑T, Kendrick Lamar, Nas, Wu‑Tang Clan, Kanye West, DJ Shadow, K7, Jay‑Z, The Streets, Missy Elliott, 50 Cent, MC Hammer, OutKast

Rave (1986‑1994 – Peak 1988)

The term rave in connection with dance music has a long history, being used to describe wild beatnik parties in the 1950s and Mod parties in the 1960s. Party animals became known as ‘ravers’. For many, the Rave dance music scene was the most important paradigm shift in youth counter‑culture since Punk in the mid‑late 1970s.

During the 1980s, for some, discos, nightclubs and popular Club Music were not enough. In the mid‑late 1980s, psychedelic dance music originated in Acid House music parties in Chicago, USA. Word spread quickly and Acid House caught on in UK clubs, warehouses, private and free parties. As the genre name Acid House implies, the music was often associated with recreational drug use. Raves began in Manchester, England (nicknamed ‘Madchester’ in context) and then later in and around London (generally inside the M25 orbital motorway). The iconic Haçienda nightclub in Manchester was opened by the Post‑Punk band New Order and Factory Records. A film, ’24 Hour Party People’ (2002) portrayed the chaotic Madchester scene. Further films aimed to capture the essence of the rave phenomenon and its recreational drug frenzy including, ‘Go’ and ‘Human Traffic’ (both 1999).

Non‑standard Rave venues included homes, warehouses, industrial estates, basements and outdoors in forests. In the late 1980s, the word ‘rave’ was adopted to describe the underground subculture that grew out of the Acid House movement. Rave also became associated with psychedelic Rave parties held in Ibiza. Rave became massive, varying in size from a few thousand up to mainstream events as large as 25,000. Underground, i.e. illegal, Raves were the subject of much media hype, political rhetoric and heavy‑handed police crackdowns. Such hysteria led to a heightened awareness of, and attraction to, rave events for predominantly young, socially excluded anti‑establishment adherents willing to take risks with the law. Illegal rave venues were kept secret in an attempt to avoid police attention. Rave music became popular on UK pirate radio stations in the 1990s, adding to the mystique.

Rave (courtesy Harrison Haines)

Rave isn’t a genre with a definable sound of its own; it represents more of a pleasure‑seeking, indulgent lifestyle with widespread use of recreational and hard drugs. It is more of an umbrella term for a range of dance music genres popular at Rave events. Music featured at Raves included Acid House, Breakbeat Hardcore, Happy Hardcore, Drum & Bass, Post‑Industrial, Breakbeat and Electronica. Rave‑oriented tracks were mid‑tempo, generally around 130‑140BPM.

Acid House, born in the mid‑late 1980s, is known for its sound created by the iconic Roland TB‑303 synthesizer. Acid House is closely related to the early Rave scene and is characterised by its propulsive 4/4 time signature and psychedelic aesthetic. The familiar ‘smiley face’ emblem became an iconic part of the Rave and Acid House scene of the late 1980s.

Acid House Smiley Face

[Image: Acid House Smiley Face]

Dances associated with Rave include, running man, jump style, apple picking, liquid move, the stomp, glowsticking and gloving.

Rave strongly influenced sub‑genres such as Big Beat and Breakbeat, with their strong, heavy beats and complex and dynamic electronic drum rhythms, which combines EDM with Funk, Rock and Hip‑Hop. In turn, Big Beat and Breakbeat have been highly influential in the development of EDM. Rave’s diverse range of dance genres inspire high‑energy dance styles known for their hedonistic, exuberant, in‑your‑face sound and dynamic arrangements. Rave and its subculture live on, with a wide range of organised Rave festivals in many countries across the globe, far beyond its humble origins.

An off‑beat genre that was closely associated with the post‑club comedown parties was Trip Hop, which developed in Bristol, England with bands like Portishead, Massive Attack and Tricky making big waves from the late 1980s and early 1990s. Trip Hop is an experimental variant of Breakbeat, incorporating influences from Jazz, Soul, Funk, Reggae, Dub and Hip‑Hop. Trip Hop heavily influenced the growth of Intelligent Dance Music (IDM).

Related genres: Post‑Punk, Neo‑Psychedelia, Acid House, Acid Techno, Alternative Dance, Big Beat, Breakbeat, House, Electro, Hardcore Techno, Industrial Dance, Drum & Bass, Trance, Acid Trance, Dubstep, Balearic Beat, Deep House, Chillout, Downtempo, Nu‑Skool Breaks, Future Rave, Funk, Rock, Hip‑Hop, EDM, Breakbeat Hardcore, Happy Hardcore, Post‑Industrial, Trip Hop, Dub, IDM

Artist examples: The Shamen, The Prodigy, The Chemical Brothers, Orbital, Underworld, Happy Mondays, Primal Scream, Fatboy Slim, Infected Mushroom, Eat Static, Groove Armada, The KLF, Death In Vegas, Humanoid, A Guy Called Gerald, Shpongle, Stereo MC’s, Utah Saints, 808 State, Leftfield, All Saints, New Order, Altern‑8, Bassheads, Praga Kahn, Pete Heller, Martina Topley‑Bird, Portishead, Massive Attack, Tricky, Sneaker Pimps, Björk, Coldcut, Hallucinogen

Drum & Bass (1993‑1999 & 2020‑today – Peak 1994)

Drum & Bass, or just D&B to its many admirers, is known for its fast‑paced breakbeats, rolling basslines, and intricate electronic drum patterns. D&B combines elements of Acid House, Techno, Breakbeat and Hip‑Hop of the early 1990s, resulting in a high‑energy intense dance music experience. The up‑tempo nature of D&B regularly reaches 160‑180BPM or more. The DJ standard for D&B is a heady 174BPM. The fast tempo required D&B dancers to exhibit great stamina, frequently aided by drug use. D&B has experienced a number of peaks and troughs of popularity over time. D&B went on to influence the development of Dubstep and IDM.

Dances associated with D&B include, x‑outing and skank stepping.

While not strictly D&B, but bearing some similarities to it, Jungle, with its origins in the UK, is a high‑energy genre known for its fast‑paced breakbeats, heavy basslines, and reggae influences.

Neurofunk is a sub‑genre of D&B that emerged in the mid‑1990s, known for its complex, futuristic and experimental sound. Neurofunk introduced a unique approach to the genre, characterised by intricate basslines, glitchy studio effects and a darker atmosphere. Other related sub‑genres include Hardcore and Liquid Drum & Bass.

Related genres: Breakbeat, Big Beat, Jungle, Techno, Acid House, Neurofunk, Hardcore, Trance, EDM, IDM, Liquid Drum & Bass, Dubstep, Darkstep, Drumstep, Breakbeat Hardcore

Artist examples: Everything but the Girl, Chase & Status, Pendulum, Machinedrum, Sub Focus, Finley Quaye, Squarepusher, Amon Tobin, Goldie, Roni Size

Alternative Dance (1985‑2010 – Peak 1991)

Alternative Dance (a.k.a. Indie Dance or Underground Dance) is a broad catch‑all for dance‑inspired music by artists generally not associated with a defined dance music genre. Alternative Dance frequently but not exclusively incorporates synthesizer‑based rhythms derived from dance music within the context of Alternative Rock and other related genres. Alternative Dance first developed in Manchester in the UK during the early 1980s Post‑Punk movement with bands like New Order mixing Synthpop and Electro‑Disco. Alternative Dance, under the guise of Post‑Disco, was increasingly popular during the 1990s.

You may not immediately connect genres such as Indie, Grunge, Alternative Rock and Hard Rock with dance music. However, many Rock et al bands have embraced the groovy, foot‑tapping nature of dance music and incorporated influences into their own fusion‑style music that can be eminently danceable. In turn, many dance artists have sampled or collaborated with Rock et al artists to produce club‑friendly versions of classic rock tracks. This cross‑pollination has proved fertile ground for those involved and has created some interesting dance‑oriented versions of otherwise un‑danceable tracks.

Various dance forms have been associated with the genres that fit under the label Alternative Dance include, the shoegaze shuffle, the synthpop sway, the new wave nod, the trip hop trip, the Manchester wiggle and the Björk bounce.

Related genres: Alternative Rock, Grunge, Indie, Neo‑Psychedelia, Acid Jazz, Indietronica, EDM, Synthpop, Electro Disco, Post‑Punk, Shoegaze, Acid House, Nu Rave, Synthwave, Darkwave, Ethereal wave, EBM (Electronic Body Music), Hip‑Hop, Trip Hop, Instrumental Hip‑Hop, Psychedelic Trance

Artist examples: New Order, Primal Scream, Happy Mondays, Galliano, The Brand New Heavies, Morcheeba, Red Hot Chili Peppers, White Lies, The Hurts, Dynamic Syncopation, 9 Lazy 9, Mr Scruff, Amon Tobin, DJ Vadim, The Irresistible Force, Kid Koala, Coldcut, Luke Vibert, Fink, Funki Porcini, DJ Food, Hexstatic, The Cinematic Orchestra, Ashley Beedle, The Herbaliser, Jaga Jazzist, Caribou, LCD Soundsystem, Young Fathers, Manitoba, Broadcast, The xx, Saint Etienne, Jesus Jones, Hot Chip, Holy Fuck, M83, Tom Vek, Public Service Broadcasting, Reverend And the Makers, Big Audio Dynamite, Sugarcubes, Crystal Castles, Dubstar, Space, Howie B, Björk, Amorphous Androgynous

Balearic Beat (1986‑1994 & 2006‑2023 – Peaks 1990 & 2014)

Geographically, Balearic refers to a chain of islands in the Mediterranean off the east coast of Spain, home to Ibiza Island, one of the dance capitals of the world. The origins of Balearic Beat date back to a time when English DJs vacationing in Ibiza made use of their skills at parties, which became increasingly popular, particularly with holidaying celebrities. This trend then spread to tourists visiting the White Island to experience sun, sea, sand, sex, drugs and dancing. Balearic Beat has come to represent a dancefloor influenced sound conjuring up images of the warm sunsets and sunrises of Mediterranean beaches – and the hedonistic, drug‑fuelled dance parties that took place between dusk and dawn. Drug use is commonplace in Balearic dance music culture, including MDMA, amphetamine, cannabis, cocaine, LSD and ketamine.

The word Balearic here is used as an umbrella term for a wide range of Mediterranean vital vibe venues including Ibiza (and Formentera) and beyond. Other ‘Med’ (in more ways than one!) party destinations include Mykonos (Greece) and Magaluf (Majorca, Spain). These clubbing alternatives are largely regarded as second rate Ibiza wannabes. The scope does, by loose association, include other clubbing travel destinations outside the Mediterranean such as Goa (India) and Playa de las Américas (Tenerife). It is a bit of a tenuous link but it is used here for expediency.

Balearic Beat covers a range of music genres and is characterised by its relaxed atmosphere, laid back beats and R&B influenced swingy percussion, with its slow and heavy tempo at around 90‑110BPM. Influences include African Music, Hispanic American Music, Italo‑Disco, Eurodance, Soul, Funk, Reggae, Ambient, Downtempo, Chillout and Dub.

Ibiza Island led the way with its range of top notch, trendy nightclubs such as Pacha, Space, Amnesia, Privilege, Es Paradis, Eden, DC10, Octan, Underground and Swag. More recent is the emergence of Ibiza Super Clubs such as Hï, Ushuaïa, Lío, Cova Santa and Ocean Beach Club. The author’s favourite was Amnesia.

Ibiza lounge parties were the norm from the late 1980s and 1990s at the likes of Café del Mar, Café Mambo and Kumharas, all on the San Antonio Bay sea front. Venues in the island’s interior included Bambuddha Grove and KM5 up to the 2000s. After a decade of decline, Ibiza has seen a resurgence in the late 2010s and early 2020s with a rejuvenated EDM scene.

There aren’t specific dances that go along with the Balearic Beat, so freestyle is a common way of enjoying the island grooves. However, shuffling, swaying & twirling, and moves inspired by Latin dances such as salsa and samba fit the bill.

Goa Trance is characterised by hypnotic beats, ethereal melodies and a psychedelic atmosphere. Originating from Goa, India, Goa Trance gained global popularity for its mind‑expanding sound. Goa Trance often incorporates cultural and spiritual elements, intended to create a transcendent experience for listeners, often assisted by use of mind‑altering psychedelic/hallucinogenic drugs like LSD (acid), mescaline (peyote), psilocybin (shrooms) and DMT (dimethyltryptamine – the so‑called ‘God molecule’) to create altered states of consciousness.

A sub‑genre deeply connected to the heady Goa Trance scene is Psytrance, with its hypnotic beats, intricate soundscapes, and psychedelic influences. Psytrance immerses listeners in euphoric, transcendent otherworldly journeys.

Another Goa sub‑genre is Psybient, which is a fusion of psychedelic and ambient music. Psybient is characterised by its dreamy and otherworldly soundscapes and intended to immerse listeners in sonic voyages, often inspired by nature, local culture and psychedelia. Psybient became a favourite in club chillout spaces and festivals for relaxation and introspection. A popular close relative of Psybient is Ambient Dub for chilling out.

Related genres: Soul, Funk, Trance, Techno, House, Dub, Afrobeat, Italo Disco, R&B, Hispanic, EDM. Chillout, Downtempo, Psytrance, Psybient, Psychedelic Trance, Goa Trance, Ambient Dub, Neo‑Psychedelia

Artist examples: ATB, Robert Miles, Chicane, Monaco, Ibizarre, Juno Reactor, Solar Fields, Tosca, Electribe 101, Deep Dive Corp, Mylo, Darude, Nacho Sotomayor, Gaudi, A Man Called Adam, Aim, Jean Jacques Smoothie, Fragma, Jakatta, Bent, Spiller, Hallucinogen, Astral Projection, Infected Mushroom, Klaxons, Culture Beat, Sueño Latino, Daddy Yankee, Stardust, John Talabot, 1200 Micrograms

Downtempo & Chillout (1990‑2008 & 2022‑today – Peaks 2001 & 2023)

Downtempo (a.k.a. Downbeat) and its close relative Chillout are genres that emphasise slower tempos (around 60‑110BPM), relaxed beats, laidback vibes, atmospheric soundscapes and soothing melodies, often without a discernible beat.

Downtempo and Chillout are often used interchangeably and, to be honest, there is not a great deal to distinguish them other than perhaps their degree of rhythm and/or beat. Downtempo actually means ‘slow beat’. They are both used as broad terms for contemporary ‘easy listening’, which isn’t exactly helpful. Influences include, Ambient, Reggae, Electronica, Jazz, New Age and World music. Many admirers use Ambient Dub for meditation and mindfulness.

Chillout is a term derived from the ‘White Room’ at the Heaven nightclub in London in 1989 where DJs played Ambient and Ambient House music as a place to chill out or relax from the more intense tempos of the main dancefloor. These dedicated breakout areas became known as ‘chillout rooms’. Chillout is also often used in lounge bar settings and as background music. Due to market saturation, Ambient House declined in popularity during the early 2000s but has seen a big resurgence in the Covid‑hit 2020s.

Downtempo and Chillout encompass various dance music subgenres, including Trip Hop, Ambient House, Lo Fi Hip‑Hop, Psybient, Chillwave, Ambient Dub, Reggae, Nu Jazz and Ambient.

Related genres: Hip‑Hop, Trip Hop, Instrumental Hip‑Hop, EDM, Dub, Ambient Dub, Ambient Electronica, Ambient House, Ambient Techno, Ambient Trance, Progressive Electronic, Deep House, Nu Jazz, Breakbeat, Psybient, Chillwave, Lo‑Fi Hip‑Hop, Balearic Beat, Electronica, Jazz, Rock, New Age, World, Reggae, Ambient, Vaporwave

Artist examples: Massive Attack, Portishead, Tricky, Aphex Twin, The KLF, Fishmans, Thievery Corporation, Bonobo, Boards of Canada, Mr Scruff, Tycho, Nightmares on Wax, Ibizarre, Moloko, Innocence, Royksopp, London Grammar, The Beloved, St Germain, Air, Zero 7, The Orb, Smoke City, The Art of Noise, William Orbit, Helios, The Future Sound of London, Dirty Vegas, Bicep, Deadbeat, Jon Hopkins, Brian Eno, Moby, Sofa Surfers, The Dining Rooms

Dubstep (2006‑2020 – Peak 2012)

Dubstep is a dance music genre that originated in London, UK in the early‑mid 2000s. Dubstep is characterised by its sparse beats, heavy basslines, syncopated rhythms, and explosive drops, making great use of synthesizers to create its epic soundscape. Dubstep fuses elements of Reggae, Hip‑Hop and Rock with dance music beats, creating a powerful and often aggressive sound.

Dubstep has its roots in Dancehall’s beats, Drum & Bass’s drops and in Dub’s digital studio effects. For a dance music genre, Dubstep tempo has a relatively slow 70‑100BPM, making use of ‘half‑time’ rhythms, a characteristic of the genre. Dubstep is often closely associated with Grime, which appeared at around the same time with a faster tempo of around 140BPM.

Dance moves associated with Dubstep include, the wobble shuffle, the bass drop stomp, the rewind spin and the drop & flutter.

Just as Downtempo and Chillout stemmed from Balearic night clubs, bars and lounges, a sub‑genre of Dubstep is Chillstep, which emphasises melodic and slow ambient elements. Chillstep is known for its calming and ethereal sound, often incorporating female vocals. Like Downtempo, Chillstep is ideal for unwinding and relaxation.

Future Bass, with its lush emotional melodies is a sub‑genre that became prominent in the 2010s. While it is influenced by Dubstep and Trap, it adopts a warmer, less abrasive style that made an important connection between Pop and EDM.

Future Garage is a dark, minimalistic sub‑genre pioneered by Burial that combines elements of Garage, Dubstep, and House. It’s characterised by its sparse intricate rhythms, sampled vocals, and a highly atmospheric vibe. Another derivative of Dubstep is UK Bass with influences from IDM, Footwork and Techno.

While Dubstep and its derivatives remained popular into the 2010s, it has largely returned to its underground roots.

Related genres: EDM, Drum & Bass, UK Bass, UK Garage, Future Bass, Future Garage, Grime, Breakstep, Electro House, House, Brostep, Chillstep, Reggae, Trip Hop, Hip‑Hop, Rock, Dancehall, Dub, Trap, IDM, Footwork, Techno, 2‑Step

Artist examples: Burial, Skrillex, Katy B, Sub Focus, James Blake, Labrinth, Magnetic Man, Modestep, Excision, SBTRKT, Skream, Kode9, DMZ

EDM (1980‑1989 & 2010‑today – Peaks 1995, 2010 & 2023)

It is hard to believe but it was way, way back in 1980 that English musician, singer/songwriter and record producer Richard James Burgess, a member of the jazz/rock band Landscape, coined the term Electronic Dance Music, a.k.a. EDM.

The term EDM, though, didn’t really come into its own until its boom in the 2010s. Prior to that, it was a loose description of music that was, erm… electronic and danceable. Duh! Today, EDM has attempted to corral and coalesce a wide range of dance music genres into some broad categorisation. Prior to the 2010s, dance music was associated with discrete genres and sub‑genres. Post‑2010, EDM has attempted to become the main descriptor and exemplar of everything electronic dance. As such, it is arguably not a genre in its own right. However, keen‑eyed readers will also have noticed that other groupings described here, like Pop, Club Music, Rave and Balearic Beat are similar in the way they try to bring separate genres and sub‑genres together under broader, more meaningful headings.

EDM’s roots lie in the second half of the 1970s when Electro Synth Pop and Hi‑NRG arose in the wake of traditional dance genres like Soul, Funk and Disco. MTV was a prime catalyst for surge of interest in early EDM. House and Techno took on the mantle in the 1980s with the widespread adoption of digital technology and the crucial adoption of the MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface) industry standard communication and control protocol for electronic musical instruments.

The next step in the EDM journey was with Trance and Eurodance. With the advent of the Internet, electronic dance culture became global with forms of electronic dance music becoming prevalent in many countries. EDM covers a wide range of tempos from the slow 60‑90BPM right up to the insane 240BPM of Speedcore, meaning plenty of choice for ravers, club‑goers and passive listeners.

So… is EDM a genre in its own right or is it simply a method for grouping a vast array of electronic dance sub‑genres into a convenient package for consumers? You decide.

As EDM is an expansive heading for diverse dance genres, the same goes for EDM dances, so it is no surprise then that EDM doesn’t have dedicated dance moves but borrows from the genres it represents including, shuffling, jumpstyle, gloving, liquid dancing, tutting, the Melbourne shuffle, popping & locking, voguing and cutting shapes.

Related genres: Electro, Hi‑NRG, Acid House, Drum & Bass, Future House, Minimal House, House, Trance, Techno, Acid Techno, Bleep Techno, Detroit Techno, Minimal Techno, Garage, UK Garage, 2‑Step, Pop, Dance Pop, Synth Pop, Dance Punk, Alternative Dance, Breakbeat, Drum & Bass, Trance, Acid Trance, Ibiza Trance, Psytrance, Psybient, Dub, Dubstep, Eurobeat, Europop, Eurodance, Mutant Disco, Nu Disco, Balearic Beat, Acid Breaks, Big Beat, Deconstructed Club, Jungle, Footwork, Freestyle, EBM, Future Bass, Future Rave, Grime, Trap, Bouncy Techno, Hard Dance, Miami Bass, Wonky, Dance Pop, Slap House

Artist examples: Landscape, Coldcut, Daft Punk, Deadmau5, Calvin Harris, David Guetta, Swedish House Mafia, Major Lazer, Armin Van Buuren, Paul Oakenfold, Disclosure, Rudimental, Years & Years, Digitalism, Example, Justice, Professor Green, MØ, LFO, Felix Da Housecat, Ferry Corsten, Clean Bandit, Moby, Madonna, Paul Van Dyk, Tiësto, M83, System 7, The Aloof, The Groove Corporation, The Dust Brothers, React 2 Rhythm, Charlie XCX, Billie Eilish, Igloohost, Space, Faithless, Avicii, Alesso, Flume

IDM (1992‑today – Peaks 2001 & 2009)

IDM (an abbreviation of Intelligent Dance Music) is an electronic dance genre emanating from the 1990s and drawing inspiration from House, Techno and Drum & Bass. IDM artists aim to challenge conventional electronic dance music tropes including a cursory dismissal of the traditional ‘four‑to‑the‑floor’ forms of EDM. IDM artists wanted to take a more experimental approach to creating dance music. Ironically, a large proportion of IDM is intended for listening, rather than for dancing.

IDM is characterised by intricate rhythms, odd time signatures and unconventional song structures. IDM has been criticised for its somewhat ‘highbrow’ – some say elitist – approach to the art. The use of the word, ‘intelligent’ is seen by many as condescending. IDM has certainly pushed the boundaries of what consumers can expect from electronic music, inviting listeners to engage on an intellectual level, rather than a purely physical one. Some critics suggest that IDM as a concept is patronising of more popular genres of popular dance music. IDM has, however, achieved significant success from fans looking for something a bit different from the norm.

Experimental Dance is a sub‑genre that is an integral part of IDM, intended to defy conventional classification, often challenging the limits of traditional dance music forms (and test the audience’s tolerance). Experimental Dance is a genre that inspires innovation and sonic exploration, embracing unusual rhythms and esoteric sound design. Experimental Dance artists go out of their way to subvert listeners’ preconceptions by creating eccentric, avant‑garde compositions that invite scrutiny and stimulate creativity. Many audiences find Experimental Dance hard to access and difficult to engage with.

Like with EDM, IDM covers a broad range of music sub‑genres, so dances and dance moves are also varied and derivative, including, freestyle, glitch dancing, liquid dancing and popping & locking.

Another popular derivative of IDM is a more traditional approach taken by Nu Jazz, diversifying IDM with a broader range of influences with an emphasis on ‘feel’, ‘groove’ and use of jazzy samples, largely absent from core IDM. Nu Jazz had elements reminiscent of EDM and has helped to bridge the gap between the two.

Glitch Hop is a sub‑genre emanating from the late‑1990s that combined IDM with pared back Hip‑Hop influences, particularly Instrumental Hip‑Hop. Glitch Hop is characterised by its use of ‘glitchy’ (duh!) studio effects and techniques, including cutting, skipping, repeating, chopping, and bit‑crush reduction of recorded samples.

Wonky is another sub‑genre of IDM that combines Dubstep and Hip‑Hop influences arising from around 2009. Wonky (the hint is in the name) is defined by its off‑kilter and unstable mid‑range frequencies using un‑quantised (non‑synchronised) and offbeat Hip‑Hop rhythms at Dubstep‑style half‑time tempos. The name Wonky allegedly arose as a result of the observed effects of ketamine on users’ ability (or not) to dance.

Related genres: EDM, EBM, Glitch, Wonky, Techno, House, Drum & Bass, Breakcore, Glitch Hop, Footwork, Experimental Dance, Nu Jazz, Hip‑Hop, Instrumental Hip‑Hop, 2‑Step, Hypnagogic Pop, Lo‑Fi Pop

Artist examples: Burial, Four Tet, Caribou, Autechre, Aphex Twin, Boards of Canada, Sauarepusher, Mouse on Mars, Orbital, Actress, Amon Tobin, Apparat, Biosphere, Higher Intelligence Agency, Clark, Carbon Based Lifeforms, Cylob, 9 Lazy 9, Faulty DL, The Field, Floating Points, Flying Lotus, Jon Hopkins, Kid606, Lemon Jelly, Moderat, Oneohtrix Point Never, Plastikman

“Dancers are the athletes of God” – Albert Einstein (1879‑1955)

The ‘Best’ Dance Songs of All Time

For all you list‑o‑philes out there, according to the prestigious Rolling Stone Magazine in 2022, they listed the ‘Top 200’ dance music songs of all time. Here are is their Top 20:

Donna Summer – I Feel Love (1977)
Daft Punk – One More Time (2000)
Chic – Good Times (1979)
Frankie Knuckles and Jamie Principle – Your Love (1986)
Indeep – Last Night a D.J. Saved My Life (1982)
Shannon – Let the Music Play (1983)
Robyn – Dancing on My Own (2010)
On the House and Marshall Jefferson – Move Your Body (The House Music Anthem) (1986)
Robin S. – Show Me Love (1992)
Disclosure (feat. Sam Smith) – Latch (2013)
Madonna – Vogue (1990)
Kraftwerk – Trans‑Europe Express (1977)
First Choice – Let No Man Put Asunder (1977)
Adonis – No Way Back (1986)
James Brown – Get on the Good Foot (1972)
Rihanna (feat. Calvin Harris) – We Found Love (2011)
Beltram – Energy Flash (1990)
New Order – Blue Monday (1983)
Prince – Controversy (1981)
Kylie Minogue – Can’t Get You Out of My Head (2001)

Going back a little, to 2011 in fact, Rolling Stone carried out a readers’ poll of the ‘Top 10’ dance music songs. Here’s what actual punters came up with.

Daft Punk – One More Time (2000)
New Order – Blue Monday (1983)
The Beatles – Twist and Shout (1961)
Justice – D.A.N.C.E. (2007)
Madonna – Vogue (1990)
The Isley Brothers – Shout (1959)
Michael Jackson – Thriller (1983)
Deee‑Lite – Groove Is In the Heart (1990)
Chic – Le Freak (1978)
Bee Gees – Stayin’ Alive (1977)

I don’t know what you think of that. Personally, I don’t agree with much of it but that’s not really surprising, as everyone will have their own unique opinion and favourites, which is why I’m not criticising the findings of others. The results presented above are what they are, though; that’s what Rolling Stone came up with.

Suffice to say that my personal selection would be substantially different. For what it’s worth, here are my ‘Top 50’ dance music tracks (only one per artist, in date and then sort‑of alphabetical order).

Chic – Le Freak (1978)
Funkadelic – One Nation Under a Groove (1978)
Earth, Wind & Fire – Boogie Wonderland (1979)
Michael Jackson – Off The Wall (1979)
Anita Ward – Ring My Bell (1979)
The Brothers Johnson – Stomp (1980)
The Gap Band – Burn Rubber on Me (Why You Wanna Hurt Me) (1980)
Joy Division – Love Will Tear Us Apart (1980)
Kool & The Gang – Celebration (1980)
Grandmaster Flash & the Furious Five – The Message (1982)
Rockers Revenge – Walking On Sunshine (1982)
David Bowie – Let’s Dance (1983)
New Order – Blue Monday (1983)
Rick James – 17 (1984)
Paul Hardcastle – 19 (1985)
Happy Mondays – W.F.L. (Wrote For Luck) (1988)
Technotronic – Pump Up the Jam (1989)
C+C Music Factory – Gonna Make You Sweat (Everybody Dance Now) (1990)
Bomb The Bass – Winter In July (1991)
DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince – Summertime (1991)
Prince – Cream (1991)
Stereo MC’s – Connected (1992)
Ini Kamoze – Here Comes the Hotstepper (1994)
Everything But The Girl – Missing (1995)
Massive Attack – Karmacoma (1995)
Faithless – Insomnia (1996)
Orbital – Satan (1996)
The Prodigy – Firestarter (1996)
The Orb – Toxygene (1997)
Ultra Naté – Free (1997)
Beastie Boys – Intergalactic (1998)
Stardust – Music Sounds Better With You (1998)
Aim – Cold Water Music (1999)
ATB – 9pm (Till I Come) (1999)
Basement Jaxx – Red Alert (1999)
Fatboy Slim – Right Here Right Now (1999)
Groove Armada – I See You Baby (1999)
The Chemical Brothers – Hey Boy Hey Girl (1999)
Leftfield – Phat Planet (1999)
Moloko – The Time Is Now (2000)
Spiller – Groovejet (If This Ain’t Love) (2000)
The Underdog Project – Summer Jam (2000)
D12 – Purple Pills (2001)
Kosheen – Hide U (2001)
Kylie Minogue – Can’t Get You Out of My Head (2001)
Roger Sanchez – Another Chance (2001)
The Rapture – House Of Jealous Lovers (2002)
X-Press 2 (feat. David Byrne) – Lazy (2002)
LCD Soundsystem – Daft Punk Is Playing At My House (2005)
Hot Chip – Ready For The Floor (2008)

That’s 5 from the 1970s, 12 from the 1980s, 22 from the 1990s and 11 from the 2000s. None from the 2010s or the 2020s (yet). That represents a fairly typical distribution pattern and one that probably isn’t far from dance music popularity by year/decade either. The 1990s was also the decade that the author was most into dance music and nightclubbing, so that may account for it. 1999, it seems was a good year (7).

I’m not sure what each of these 50 tracks all released during a 30‑year period between 1978 and 2008 say about me or my musical taste. However, I would be happy to have these as a compilation for a ‘desert island’ holiday soundtrack. Some are pretty predictable and some are a little more esoteric. Nothing extreme in there, though. To me, collectively they all sum up a positive attitude towards life.

“This existence of ours is as transient as autumn clouds. To watch the birth and death of beings is like looking at the movements of a dance” – Buddha (Siddhārtha Gautama – c.480‑400BCE)

The Future of Dance and Dance Music

As usual, speculation about the future is fraught with risk of completely missing the mark. However, let’s give it a go with a few thoughts of random conjecture.

The future of dance will rely not only on the ‘live’ nightclub and festival scenes but also by Internet‑based streaming services that focus specifically on curating dance music playlists, curated by respected DJs, producers and artists. Physical media will see a resurgence and will catalyse a revitalised interest in the past.

Mainstream dance music is likely to feature strongly on future festival circuits. This isn’t new. However, major dedicated dance music events are likely to increase in both number and size. There will be greater crossover and cross‑pollination between dance festivals and traditional multi‑genre festivals, thus increasing the number of ‘genre stages’ within larger festivals.

Dance continues to influence many non‑EDM genres and there will be many more artists including dance music tropes into their material. Dance music will continue to diversify and, while there have been scant recent genre developments, the horizon is just waiting for something new and fresh to get people up and dancing. Innovation is needed and there is a growing sense that something big is brewing somewhere in the underground to propel dance music forward once again.

The change from coherent album releases to a focus on ‘bite‑size’ soundbite single tracks, as has been a typical trend over the last decade will continue to be the case and will be even more so in the future. However, the underground will see the opposite, with a determination to stick to the core essentials that made the dance phenomenon so spectacular in the first place.

As it ever was, the underground will prove to be the experimental breeding ground for what will, one day, become familiar. While the mainstream continues to dilute extremes, the underground will push the boundaries of what has come before – harder and more intense at one end of the spectrum and to amorphous ambient styles like Vaporwave at the other – and that will, over time, infiltrate the mainstream to keep the genres evolving.

‘Live’ DJ performances will push the visual aspect of sessions, making their shows more immersive and captivating. Now that COVID is largely a thing of the past, live artist performances will help to revitalise gigs from local pubs all the way up to large arenas and to more creative virtual/augmented reality (VR/AR) gigs.

Digital and analogue synthesizers will continue to develop and enable new sounds and styles to be created. Recording and production technology will enhance music creativity and technology will enhance distribution and access, including personalised playlist curation.

We can no longer think of dance and dance music being the sole preserve of the American, UK and European artists – it is a global scene and the cross‑cultural influences will increase and help to diversify dance and dance music.

If you respect what the Grammy Awards organisation says, they put forward eight trends from 2022 that they forecast would help to define the future of dance music:

House Infused Pop
Artists Respected The Roots
Women Took The Techno Reins
The UK Came Through
Tech‑House Went Further Mainstream
EDM Nostalgia Lived On
TikTok Made Dance Hits
Rave Was Recontextualized

Nostalgia will become an important part of the future of dance music. It may seem contradictory that one is looking back in order to look forward. Many dance music genres have been remarkably enduring and, as newer generations come through, they will be looking for something new but also discovering some of the best of the past. New genres will supplement existing ones, rather than replace them. Creative artists will surely plunder some of the past and incorporate into something completely new and fresh.

Recording technology will continue to have a major impact on dance music. From the early days where large bands used expensive and finite studio space to record Rock & Roll, Soul, Funk and Disco to the bedroom producers of today using Digital Audio Workstations (DAWs) and plug‑in modules to produce infinitely variable tracks in both EDM and IDM. New technologies, such as Artificial Intelligence (AI) and big data will be used to create sounds and structures hitherto unheard of. One watches with interest to see what comes next.

“Dancing can reveal all the mystery that music conceals” – Charles Baudelaire (Poet, 1821‑1867)

Final thoughts on Dance and Dance Music

SO… There you have it. The author’s ‘wonky’ (sic!) look at modern dance music trends. The fascination comes in older genres not disappearing but being complemented by newer forms. This incremental approach to dance music evolution has enabled it to adapt to and reflect the needs of ever‑changing audiences across the globe.

Dance and Dance Music is not dead. Far from it. Admittedly, it needs a regular injection of creative inspiration to keep it up‑to‑date and relevant, something that has been missing for a few years now. Dance music will endure and it will continue to reinvent itself over and over and over again. Part of the human condition is to dance and to listen to music. It is an ‘and’, not an ‘or’. That co‑dependency isn’t going to change any time soon.

Music will have to adapt to social change and society will be reflected in the music it engages with, including dance music. Whatever you are into, don’t hesitate, just go with the flow and ‘Get Up and Dance to the Music’, as Sly & The Family Stone encouraged us, way back in 1967. Let’s be clear, dance and dance music won’t save the world, sadly, but it can make it a better place to live. Humanity will not thrive without dance music being an integral part of life’s positive, joyful experiences.

Dance events don’t seem to be losing popularity, with dedicated festivals and holiday party destination venues like Ibiza being perennially attractive for hedonistic youth. DJ Fatboy Slim (a.k.a. Norman Cook) held his infamous ‘Big Beach Boutique II’ free open air event held on Brighton Beach in southern England on 13 July 2002, attracting in excess of 250,000 attendees (organisers expected no more than 60,000!) and brought the south coast city to a standstill. The author was actually there and it was truly overwhelming, scary and, frankly, dangerous. However, it set the bar for what one DJ and a BIG crowd can do.

One little thing the author misses is the CD Single. Particularly for dance music, CD Singles regularly provided 12” (even though a CD is 4.75” – 12” refers to its vinyl equivalent) alternative (re‑)mixes of familiar club or dance pop tracks. Some remixes were less interesting while others gave an insight into the art of remixing of tracks for night club consumption. I suppose that streaming services and compilation albums could fill that gap but they don’t seem to do it in the way they did in the 1990s.

While the author is no longer able to participate in nightclubbing, I still listen to the music that made nightclubbing great fun. I genuinely miss the nightclub environment, the smoke, the dark, the lights, the high sound pressure levels and pounding bass and the sheer energy of the club goers (and, of course, the stunningly gorgeous young women!). I must admit a tendency towards House and Trance genres, as well as the whole Downtempo/Chillout/Ambient Electronica/Dub genres that go with them. The author spent a number of delightfully blissful summers on the White Island of Ibiza lapping up its natural splendour by day and the vibrant music scene by night.

Like with other genre articles in which I’ve been interested, this article has demonstrated both the amount of dance music that I already own as well as discovering and hunting down new (to me) dance music. Music exploration is great fun. I whole heartedly recommend it and worth the inevitable odd dud.

I must admit that I am not into traditional social, regional folk or classical dance/dance music. My heart lies in the here and now, with the vitality and vibrancy of modern dance music. As with other genres, I am also on the discovery trail to see what is out there to find. New is good.

That’s it, the future of Dance and Dance Music looks promisingly strong and transformative. One thing is for sure, it ain’t going anywhere anytime soon. As the title of this article suggests; it is time to get up and dance to the music. And thus it should be forevermore.

“Words make you think a thought. Music makes you feel a feeling. A song makes you feel a thought” – Yip Harburg (Song writer, 1896‑1981)

CRAVE Guitars’ ‘Album of the Month’

Unbelievable to think that this month’s honour goes to an album that is already 17 years old! This choice is because, perhaps more than most other albums since the millennium, it conjures up a synesthetic image of sound. To me, it evokes a preternatural vision of a rain‑soaked, neon‑diffused, deserted city scape. One could imagine sitting in solitude listening subconsciously to ‘Untrue’, looking out on the sodden dystopia through a misty haze of condensation on the inside and kaleidoscopic water droplets on the outside, longing for something intangible and lost. Can you feel it? Hell yeah.

AI Cityscape

Burial – Untrue (2007). ‘Untrue’ is the second studio album by British electronic artist and music producer Burial (a.k.a. William Emmanuel Bevan). It was released in November 2007 on the Hyperdub record label. If any album demonstrates how far 21^st Century dance music has evolved since Rock & Roll, this album is probably part of the evidence I’d put forward. Let’s start with the duplicity. This is dance music you can’t really dance to. ‘Untrue’ falls into several (or no) easy genre boxes depending how one is feeling. However, if one has to categorise it, it falls roughly into Future Garage, Dubstep, Ambient and 2-Step or even IDM. The reason it has been chosen is that it was truly ground breaking at the time.

Burial – Untrue (2007)

There are many other contenders for this accolade including great albums from the likes of Four Tet, Bonobo, Boards of Canada, Jon Hopkins, Actress and Aphex Twin. There is just something so immersive, so surreal and so influential about Burial’s ‘Untrue’, that it takes the top spot this month. Albums like this only come along perhaps once a decade.

“Fine dancing, I believe, like virtue, must be its own reward” – Jane Austen (Author, 1775‑1817)

Tailpiece

Right, that’s the end of another gargantuan 2‑part article delving into dance and dance music. One trusts that it was in some way enjoyable and the intermission didn’t cause too much inconvenience. I learned something in researching and writing and I hope you did from the results too. Well, I and my dual port lower leg extremities are off to trip over on the dancefloor and make a total ass of myself. You know it’s gotta be done.

From next month, I plan to change things fundamentally for a (hopefully) short duration. Why? I’m not telling. Yet. You’ll have to come back to find out more. Intrigued? Let’s see. The next article is some way off now, at the end of October. Hope to ‘see’ you then.

Truth, peace, love, and guitar music be with you always. Until next time…

CRAVE Guitars’ ‘Quote of the Month’: “Act as a beacon for good and stand up for what is right, so that others can see for themselves the best way ahead”

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